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High School English · Advanced Grammar Masterclass

非谓语动词语法全解（终极重构版）

深度融合时态矩阵、微观句型对比与记忆口诀 · 完美适配大屏教学与智慧黑板

Part 01 非谓语动词的核心概念

动词的基本功能是作句子的谓语。当一个句子中已经存在谓语动词，且没有并列连词（如 and, but）或从属连词（引导从句）时，其余要填写的动词就必须转化为非谓语形式。

💡 黄金铁律：若存在并列句或主从句，则各个分句都应当拥有属于自己的独立谓语动词。
Part 02 三种基础形式与核心含义
1. 动词不定式
to do
表示目的 表示将来
2. 现在分词 / 动名词
doing
表示主动 表示进行 常规/习惯性行为
3. 过去分词
done
表示被动 表示完成 表示状态
Part 03 非谓语动词时态与语态矩阵 (Matrix)
基本形式 语态 一般式 完成式 进行式
不定式 (to do) 主动 to do to have done to be doing
被动 to be done to have been done —
ing 形式 主动 doing having done —
被动 being done having been done —
过去分词 被动 done — —
Part 04 否定形式

在非谓语动词结构的正前方直接加 not 或 never：

not / never to do not / never doing
Part 05 复合结构

不定式复合结构：

for / of sb. to do sth.

ing 形式复合结构：

宾格或所有格 + doing

*注：ing 形式作主语时，通常使用“所有格 + doing”。

Part 06 非谓语动词黄金解题四步法
1

判定是否使用非谓语形式

核心审查：检查句子中是否已经存在谓语动词，且中途无连词进行连接。

2

锁定非谓语动词的“逻辑主语”

• 作状语时：逻辑主语一般为句子的主语；
• 作定语时：逻辑主语为被修饰的名词或代词；
• 作宾补时：逻辑主语为前方的宾语。

3

判断主被动关系

分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是“主动发出（doing/to do）”还是“被动接受（done/to be done/being done）”。

4

判断时间发生关系

分析非谓语动作与主要谓语动词的时间先后顺序：
• 发生在谓语之前：常用完成式 having done / to have done
• 发生在谓语之后：常用不定式 to do
• 与谓语动作同时：常用进行或一般式 doing

Part 07 作主语与表语的用法全析

1. 不定式 vs 动名词（作主语/表语）

• 不定式：常表示具体某次、特定、一次性的动作。
• 动名词 (ing)：常表示泛指一般的、常规的或习惯性的行为。

Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
【深度解析】句中 "a good form" 暗示泛指一般规律性的健康行为，故主语采用动名词形式。
I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
【对立解析】前半句表长期爱好用 doing，后半句表特定具体当下时间段想做某事用不定式。

• It 作形式主语的基本代换句型与动态演变：

It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb.) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
⚠️ 大屏高频必背：以下固定句型强制后接动名词 (doing) 表主语：
• It is / was no use / good + doing sth. (例：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。)
• It is / was not any use / good + doing sth.
• It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. (例：It is of little good staying up too late every day.)
• It’s useless doing sth. / It is a waste of time doing sth.
🚨 形式一致性法则：若主语与表语皆为非谓语形式，必须保持严格的一致性对称：
• Seeing is believing. (动名词对动名词)
• To see is to believe. (不定式对不定式)

2. 分词与不定式作表语的内容与性质特征

• 不定式、动名词作表语：旨在说明主语的“具体内容”。

My job is teaching / to teach English.
【深度演变】Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. (平时常规工作用 doing，本周日特殊具体任务用 to do)

• 情感情绪类分词表语 vs 定语：

- 现在分词 (-ing)：主动/令人产生某种情绪的（形容事物性质特征）。
- 过去分词 (-ed)：被动/自己感到某种情绪的（形容人的心理状态）。

The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. (女孩自己感到恐惧)
His frightening shout scared the boys again. (吼叫声本身令人感到惊恐)
【拓展词群】surprise, excite, astonish, shock, scare, disappoint, move 以及 an exciting voice / an excited voice; a puzzling look / a puzzled look
Part 08 作宾语补足语 (宾补) 的核心差异

1. 感官与使役动词矩阵 (5看 + 3使 + 2听 + 1感觉)

口诀：吾看三室两厅一感觉
• 5看：look at, see, watch, notice, observe
• 3使：make, let, have
• 2听：listen to, hear
• 1感觉：feel
💡 主动/被动语态切换核心窍门：
上述动词在主动语态中用不带 to 的不定式（动词原形）作补语；但在被动语态中必须强制还原把 to 加上。
The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
I heard her sing an English song just now. → 全过程已结束
I heard her singing when I passed by. → 正在进行

🚀 现在分词 (-ing) 作宾补的延展动词群：(5+3+2+1-2+4)

即上述动词扣除 let, make 外，皆可接 doing 作宾补。此外，额外增加四个高频动词：find, catch, keep, have。

At that time, I found him crying in the street.
He was caught stealing. (当场被抓住做某事)
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.

2. Have / Get 驱使结构的复合变奏

公式结构 核心语义与逻辑关系 经典大屏例句
have / get sth. done ① 使/让某事由别人代劳完成（被动）
② 主语不幸遭受或遭遇损害。		 • I’ll have my bike repaired tomorrow.
• Tom had his leg broken.
• Mr. Smith had his house broken into.
have sb./sth. doing 使/让某人或某物持续进行某事（主动进行） • The peasants had the tractor working day and night.
get sb./sth. doing 使/让某人或某物立即“行动/运转”起来。 • The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front.
have sb. do sth.
get sb. to do sth.		 叫/派遣某人去执行某项任务。 • Mother had me go to the shop.
• I can't get him to stop smoking.
🛑 高难度大考突破："have sb. doing" 如果运用在否定句中，have 带有“容忍/允许”的含义：
• I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that. (我绝不容忍你那样对父母说话。)
• Don’t have the water running all the time. (别让水一直流个不停。)

3. Leave 结构的四重状态演变与强制带 to 不定式群

• Leave 结构核心公式：

leave sb. doing (持续进行) leave sth. undone (留下未完工) leave sb. to do (留下某人接下来做) leave sth. to be done (留待被解决)

• 下列动词常态下必须紧跟“带 to 不定式”作宾补：

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish
① All the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing.
② The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.
③ The flu is believed to be caused by viruses.
Part 09 不定式与分词作定语的要点

1. 前置定语的区别（动名词 vs 分词）

• 动名词作前置定语：不表动作，只表中心词的“用途或目的”（即：用来……的）。
👉 经典组合：a dining hall (餐厅), a teaching building (教学楼), a waiting room (候车室), a hiding place (藏身处)。

• 分词作前置定语时的时间性状态对比（核心考点）：

现在分词 (doing) - 正在发生
• a rising sun (正在升起的太阳)
• a running horse (奔跑的马)
• falling leaves (正在飘落的叶子)
• boiling water (正在沸腾的滚水)
过去分词 (done) - 已经完成/被动
• risen sun (已经升起的太阳)
• retired manager (退休的经理)
• fallen leaves (已经落下的树叶)
• boiled water (烧开过的温开水)

2. 不定式作后置定语的三大核心场景

⚠️ 考点深挖A（主被动含义变奏）：
• Have you anything to send? (动作执行者是“你”，你亲自去寄)
• Have you anything to be sent? (动作执行者是“我”或“别人”，帮你代寄)
⚠️ 考点深挖B（尾随介词不可省略原则）：
若不定式是不及物动词，且修饰的名词是动作的地点或工具，末尾必须强制保留介词：
• a comfortable house to live in. / Please give me a knife to cut with. / paper to write on.
💡 例外规避：当中心名词是 time, place, way 时，尾部的介词习惯上可以省略。 (no place to live)

3. 后置定语被动式的三种时间维度对比

非谓语被动定语形态 动作发生的精准时间状态 高考真题高仿例句对照
done (过去分词) 动作在主句谓语之前已发生，或无特定时间概念。 Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
being done (现在分词被动) 该被动动作此时此刻正在发生，与主句谓语同时进行。 Listen! The song being sung is very popular.
to be done (不定式被动) 表示该被动动作指向未来，目前尚未发生。 The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is crucial.
Part 10 强记策略：动词作宾语选择的全面归纳

1. 只能接不定式 (to do) 作宾语

决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

Decide, learn, want, expect, hope, wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask, beg, help, afford, strive

She pretended not to see me when I passed by.
Many companies are striving to make their products competitive.

2. 只能接动名词 (doing) 作宾语

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，
不禁介意准逃亡。

consider, suggest, advise, look forward to, excuse, admit, delay, put off, avoid, miss, keep, practise, deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate, can't help, mind, allow, escape, imagine

💡 核心必背介词短语群：be used to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can't stand, feel like, insist on, have difficulty (in)
① The squirrels just missed being caught.
② I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.

3. 既可接 to do 也可接 doing 但含义截然相反的对立矩阵

核心动词 接不定式形式 (to do) 的语义 接动名词形式 (doing) 的语义
forget / remember 忘记 / 记住接下来要去执行某事（尚未做） 忘记 / 记得此前曾经参与做过某事（已做）
regret 极其抱歉、遗憾地接下来要通知或做某事 对此前做错的、已经发生的某事感到后悔
stop 停下正在做的事，去开启动作B（状语） 彻底终止、中断当前正在进行的动作
try 努力、试图、竭尽全力去攻克某事 抱着试一试的心态，进行某种尝试性试探
mean 内心打算、企图、意欲做某事 （主语通常为物）不可避免地意味着某种结果
go on 结束旧任务，紧接着开辟另一件新任务 不受干扰地继续推进当前同一件事情
can't help 无法提供协助、心有余而力不足（省略 to） 情不自禁、禁不住克制不住做某事
💡 环境语境双轨制切换（allow, advise, forbid, permit）：
• 如果后方直接紧跟宾语：强制使用主动动名词 ➔ allow doing sth. (We don't allow smoking here.)
• 如果中途插入了人或代词作宾语：尾部突变为不定式作宾补 ➔ allow sb. to do sth. (We don't allow students to smoke.)
💡 特殊被动语义“自备主动形态”法则（need, require, want）：
当表达“某物需要被收拾/解决”时，具备两种绝对等价的表达结构：
• 公式：need / require / want + doing (主动表被动意义) ＝ to be done (正统被动式)
• 例句：The window needs cleaning. = The window needs to be cleaned. (窗户需要擦一下。)

• Worth 核心联动句型：
① be worth + doing (主动形态表被动) ➔ This book is worth reading a second time.
② be worthy + of being done 或者是 to be done ➔ The place is worthy to be visited / of being visited.
Part 11 不可忽略的高考微观边角高分点

1. "wh- 疑问词 + to do" 不定式复合结构

常用于 tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, decide 等词后作整体复合宾语。但注意：why 之后必须接不带 to 的不定式动词原形。

• He showed us how to do the work.
• Can you tell me why do it? (此处 do 前绝不可加 to)

2. 介词后面的 to 省略隐藏潜规则（but, other than）

如果介词前方出现了行为动词 do / did / does / done 的任何一种形式，介词后的不定式 to 必须省略，否则必须完整保留 to。

• We could do nothing but wait. (前方有 do，省略 to)
• We have no choice but to wait. (前方无 do 变形，保留 to)
• 连带固定语意：can’t choose but laugh / can’t help but smile (强制省略 to)

3. 不定式符号 "to" 的独立残留机制

为了规避句意高度重复，末尾仅保留独立的不定式符号 "to"。但注意：若省略结构中包含惰性动词 be, have, have been，则这些词必须予以保留展示：

• I haven’t been to Hong Kong, but I wish to.
• — Are you on holiday? — No, but I’d like to be. (be 必须予以保留)
• — Oh, you ought to have. (have 必须予以保留)
Part 12 不定式与分词作状语的终极对立

1. 不定式作状语（语义多元化）

可承载目的、出乎意料的结果、或在心理情绪形容词后充当原因状态。

• They went there to visit their teacher. (表明确目的)
• He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. (出乎意料的戏剧性结果)
• I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. (形容词后表心理诱因)
• She is too tired to do the job. / old enough to go to school. (结合 too/enough 表达程度)

*注：若要极端强调目的，可用 in order to (可置于句首) 或 so as to (绝不可用于句首)。

2. 分词作状语的铁律（主语一致性）

🛑 绝对控制性准则：分词短语作状语时，其隐藏的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持 100% 绝对一致。两者之间必须符合逻辑上的主谓（doing）或动宾（done）关系。
• Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间状语：他们听到了消息)
• Be careful while crossing the street. (连词引导的分词时间状语)
• Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened. (原因状语：完成被动式，先被咬接着才害怕)
• Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件状语：如果我被赋予一次机会)
• The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. (自然而然的水到渠成伴随结果)

📊 语法无界免检独立成分（不受主语一致性约束）：

Generally speaking (一般说来) Frankly speaking (坦白地说) Judging from... (根据……来判断) Considering... (考虑到……) To tell you the truth (说实话)