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Pre-test

学前诊断

在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。

  1. Don't turn off the light. I __________  (read) a book now.
  2. They __________  (have) a good swim last Saturday.
  3. Until then, his family __________  (not, hear) from him for four months.
  4. When he __________  (come) back this afternoon, I will tell you.
  5. He __________  (be) in the army for two years so far.
  6. This company __________  (produce) this kind of fridges for many years because they sell well.
  7. While she __________  (walk) along the street, she was hit by a car.
  8. The fans __________  (wait) for hours, and they will wait till the singer arrives.
  9. The chemistry teacher told us that water __________  (boil) at 100 °C.
  10. I __________  (not, be) to London, but I know a lot about it.
  11. — What has happened?— I __________  (lose) my key and can't open the door.
  12. He told me that he __________  (read) from 7 to 8 yesterday evening.
  13. It __________  (rain) last night. Do you think it __________  (rain) today?
  14. My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He __________  (work) there for a few months and then went to America.
  15. I haven't played basketball since I __________  (leave) university.
Grammar Guide

语法详解

英语的动词用不同的时态来表示不同的时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。动词的时态是通过动词的形式变化来体现的。英语中共有 16 种时态。现以 work 为例,具体如下:

时间 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 works / work am / is / are working has / have worked has / have been working
过去 worked was / were working had worked had been working
将来 shall / will work shall / will be working shall / will have worked shall / will have been working
过去将来 should / would work should / would be working should / would have worked should / would have been working

新课程标准只要求高中生掌握常见的 10 种时态用法。以往高考语法填空考查最多的是一般过去时、一般现在时、现在完成时等。考生必须根据设置的语境作出正确的判断,只死记硬背语法规则是不能奏效的。

High School Grammar

十大时态精讲

点击各时态标题展开 / 收起,点击考题查看答案解析

一般现在时

一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)由动词原形或动词的第三人称单数形式构成,be 动词的一般现在时形式为 am、is、are。

1. 一般现在时的基本用法

(1)一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态,常和 always、often、usually、sometimes、every day 等时间状语连用。例如:

I do some exercise every day. (我每天做一些锻炼。)

He often visits his parents on Sundays. (他经常在星期天去看望父母。)

Lunch is always simple. (午餐总是很简单。)

On Monday mornings it usually __________ (take) me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. (2013 陕西改)

答案takes

解析根据 "on Monday mornings it usually" 可知,此处描述的是经常性的事情,故用一般现在时。

(2)一般现在时表示现时的情况或状态。例如:

She knows French and German besides English. (除英语外,她还懂法语和德语。)

The museum has over 130 exhibits. (博物馆里有 130 多件展品。)

I enjoy swimming a lot and I love diving. (我很喜欢游泳,也喜欢潜水。)

Some people still live in poverty. (一些人仍然生活在贫困中。)

Look at the pride on Tom's face. He __________ (seem) to have been praised by the manager just now.(2011 重庆改)

答案seems

解析根据 "Look at the pride" 可知,此处陈述现在的事实,应该用一般现在时;seem 是表示状态的动词,一般不用于进行时。

(3)一般现在时表示客观事实、客观规律或客观真理。例如:

The sun rises in the east. (太阳从东边升起。)

The Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar year. (端午节是在农历五月初五。)

"Life is like walking in the snow," Granny used to say, "because every step __________ (show)." (2012 全国改)

答案shows

解析题中引用的是奶奶的原话且是生活哲理,故用一般现在时。

2. 一般现在时的其他用法

(1)用于叙述以增强描写的生动性和真实感,如球赛说明、演示说明、舞台动作描述、剧情介绍等。例如:

It is the summer of 1903, and Henry Adam, an American businessman, has had some very bad luck. He is lost in London. (1903 年夏天,美国商人亨利·亚当算是倒了霉。他在伦敦迷路了。)

(2)在口语中,一般现在时可表示计划或安排好的将来的动作,多用于 go、come、arrive、leave、start、end、stop、open、close 等动词,通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如:

We leave London on July 15th, and we'll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa. (我们将于 7 月 15 日离开伦敦,接着要飞往北非的摩洛哥。)

The seminar starts on Friday and the experts will be discussing the endless possibilities of the future. (研讨会将在星期五举行,专家们将要讨论未来的无限可能。)

(3)在时间或条件等状语从句中,须用一般现在时表示将来的动作或状态,而不用一般将来时(即“主将从现”)。例如:

We won't go if it rains. (如果下雨,我们就不去。)

We will not give up until we find convincing evidence. (未找到可信的证据之前,我们决不会放弃。)

Whenever you __________ (buy) a present, you should think about it from the receiver's point of view. (2014 湖南改)

答案buy

解析主句谓语动词含情态动词表将来,时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来。

一般过去时

一般过去时(The Simple Past Tense)由动词的过去式构成,be 动词的过去式为 was、were。

1. 一般过去时的基本用法

(1)一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,常和 a moment ago、yesterday、last week、in 2005、at that time 等表示过去的时间状语连用。例如:

H.G. Wells wrote this science fiction story in 1895. (这部科幻小说是 H.G. 威尔斯在 1895 年写的。)

Two years ago she bought an expensive mountain bike. (两年前,她买了一辆昂贵的山地自行车。)

The real reason why prices __________ (be), and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. (2015 江苏改)

答案were

解析句意:过去价格很高,现在仍然很高角的原因很复杂... 由 "and still are" 形成的对比可知,前半句交代的是过去的情况,故 be 动词用一般过去时。

(2)表示过去时间内连续发生的几个动作。例如:

At four o'clock, Polly left work and stepped out into the fog. (4 点钟时,波莉下班走出办公室,步入雾霭之中。)

He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it on to the copy editor. (他核查了证据,阅读了整篇报道,然后转给了文字编辑。)

He quickly __________ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out. (2022 全国改)

答案threw

解析由并列连词 "and started" 可知,threw 和 started 是过去时间内连续发生的动作,形式需保持一致。

(3)表示过去时间内经常的或习惯性的动作或状态。例如:

After lunch, we usually played on the school field. (午饭后,我们通常在操场上玩耍。)

【补充要点】

❶ 一般过去时也可与 since 和 for 引导的时间状语连用(表示该动作在过去持续了一段时间且现在已结束)。

I __________ (live) in London for many years, but I've never regretted my final decision to move back to China.

答案lived (说明过去曾在伦敦住过多年,现在已不在那里)。

❷ 可与 today、this week 等连用,但指不包括“现在”在内的过去时间。如:Did you see her today? (你今天见到她了吗?)

2. 一般过去时的其他用法

可以表示“过去的过去”,常用于宾语从句、定语从句等。例如:The boy felt sorry for what he said. (那男孩对他说话感到懊悔。)

在口语中,有时用一般过去时代替一般现在时,使语气显得更委婉:I __________ (wonder) if I __________ (can) use your car. (不知我能否借用一下你的车。)

一般将来时

一般将来时(The Simple Future Tense)一般由“shall / will + 动词原形”构成。

1. 一般将来时的基本用法

By the time you have finished this book, your meal __________ (get) cold. (2012 北京改)

答案will get

解析根据 "By the time you have finished..."(到你读完这本书的时候),动作发生在将来,因此主句用一般将来时。

2. 一般将来时的其他表达法

(1)“be going to + 动词原形”结构表示打算做某事或即将发生某事。例如:

I feel I'm going to make progress with her help. 我觉得有她的帮助我会进步的。

The speech is going to be at 3 p.m. on October 9th. 演讲定于10月9日下午3点开始。

(2)begin、leave、arrive 等动词的一般现在时可表示按计划或安排将要发生的事。例如:

When does the plane arrive? 飞机什么时候到?

When does the winter vacation begin? 寒假什么时候开始?

(3)leave、go、come、stay、do、take、have 等动词的现在进行时可表示计划或准备要做某事。例如:

We 're leaving school in one year's time. 我们一年后就要毕业了。

The Talent Show is coming in two weeks' time. 新秀选拔演出还有两周时间就要开始了。

(4)“be to + 动词原形”结构表示即将发生某事,或按计划安排要发生的事。例如:

What am I to do? 我该做什么呢?

(5)“be about to + 动词原形”表示即将发生某事。例如:

Now ladies and gentlemen, you're about to hear the most incredible tale. 女士们,先生们,你们马上就要听到一个难以置信的故事。

过去将来时

过去将来时(The Past Future Tense)由“should / would + 动词原形”构成。

1. 过去将来时的基本用法

过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看,即将发生的动作或存在的状态。在当代英语中,第一人称用 should 已不常见,而是多用 would,尤其在美式英语里。过去将来时常用于宾语从句中,主句谓语动词用过去时态。例如:

She said she would be there at seven o'clock, and he thought she would keep her word. 她说她会在7点到达,他认为她会守信用的。

They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house that would be ours. 他们那时总是跟我们说总有一天我们会搬进一所房子,一所真正属于我们的房子。

2. 过去将来时的其他表达法

(1)come、go、leave 等动词用过去进行时表示过去某时打算做某事。例如:

My cousin told me he was leaving for New Zealand the next morning. 我堂弟告诉我他第二天早晨要去新西兰。

James has just arrived, but I didn't know he ________ (come) until yesterday. (2014 重庆改)

答案was coming 句意:詹姆斯已经到了,但是直到昨天我才知道他要来。根据句意,come应用过去将来时,come的过去进行时可表示过去将来。

(2)“was / were going to + 动词原形”和“was / were about to + 动词原形”结构也可表示过去某时预计将要做某事。例如:

When I arrived at the airport, the plane was just going to take off. 我到达机场时,飞机正要起飞。

This was the call that announced there was about to be a whale hunt. 这是宣告捕鲸行动马上就要开始的声音。

现在进行时

现在进行时(The Present Continuous Tense)由“am / is / are + 现在分词”构成,常与 now、at this moment、at present、these days 等时间状语连用,也可不用时间状语。

1. 现在进行时的基本用法

(1)现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作或发生的事情。例如:

Now she is planning our schedule for the trip. 现在她正在为我们的旅行制订时间表。

— Hi, let's go skating.
— Sorry, I'm busy right now. I ________ (fill) in an application form for a new job. (2014 北京改)

答案am filling 由时间状语 right now 可知,fill表示现在正在进行的动作,故动用现在进行时。

(2)现在进行时表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但说话时不一定正在进行。例如:

Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly. 当今在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。

2. 现在进行时的其他用法

(1)go、come、stay、leave、do、take、have 等动词的现在进行时可用来表示按计划或安排将要做某事,特别是在口语中。例如:

I'm going on a trip soon. 我很快就要去旅行了。

事物作主语时,多用一般现在时表示按计划安排的活动;人作主语时,多用现在进行时表示计划要做的事。试比较:

The train leaves at 10 p.m. 火车晚上10点开。

I am leaving tonight. 我今天晚上要走了。

This weekend, hundreds of futrologists are meeting at Newcastle University. 本周末,数百位未来学家将聚集在纽卡斯尔大学。

Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ________ (run) out. We must act immediately before there's none left. (2012 重庆改)

答案are running 根据 before there's none left 可知,食物快耗尽了,故此处用现在进行时表将来,且 run out 是不及物动词短语,没有被动语态。

(2)现在进行时常与 always、forever、constantly 等副词连用,带有厌恶、赞扬等感情色彩。例如:

You 're always telling people about your exciting sculpture classes. 你总是跟别人讲起你那精彩的雕塑课。

过去进行时

过去进行时(The Past Continuous Tense)由“was / were + 现在分词”构成。

1. 过去进行时的基本用法

过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作,常与 then、at that time、yesterday、at nine、from 7 to 9 yesterday morning、last night 等时间状语连用。但在不少情况下,没有表示时间的状语,而是通过上下文来推断。例如:

May I ask what you were doing in the woods yesterday? 请问你昨天在树林里干什么?

It was a cold day and his jacket was lying on the back of a chair. 天很冷,他的夹克衫搭在椅背上。

在口语中,有时用过去进行时表示现在的想法,显得语气委婉。例如:I was wondering if you could do me a favour. 不知你能否帮我一个忙。I was hoping you could give us an early reply. 我希望你们能尽快给予答复。

Henry ________ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. (2022 全国改)

答案was fixing 此处考查的是 be doing sth. when ... 句型。when后的句子用的是过去时,暗示主句动作在过去某时正在进行中。

2. 过去进行时的其他用法

come、go、stay、leave、take 等动词的过去进行时可用来表示过去将来之时,表示按计划或安排要做某事。

We ________ (leave) very early so we packed the night before. (2013 全国改)

答案were leaving 由 packed the night before 可知,主句谓语动词的动作发生在过去将来,且表示按计划或安排要做的事情,因此用 leave 的过去进行时表示过去将来时。

leave、arrive、start、die 等动词的过去进行时表示“快要完成或即将完成”的动作,而一般过去时表示“已经完成”的动作。例如:

He was dying. 他快要死了。

He died. 他死了。

The train was leaving. 火车快要开走了。

The train left. 火车开走了。

3. 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别

(1)时间状语不同

与一般过去时连用的时间状语主要有:yesterday、yesterday morning、last night、last week、a year ago、the day before yesterday、in 2006、just now、one day 等;而与过去进行时连用的时间状语有:at this / that time yesterday、the whole evening、all day yesterday 等。试比较:

She was doing the housework all day yesterday. 昨天她做了一整天的家务活。

She did the housework yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午她做家务活了。

(2)强调动作的角度不同

一般过去时强调动作已完成,而过去进行时强调动作正在进行。试比较:

I did the Maths test. 我参加数学考试了。

I was doing my homework at nine last night. 昨晚9点我在做作业。

(3)动词的类型不同

① 有些动词可用一般过去时,而不能用过去进行时。例如:

表示感官的动词:hear、feel、see、smell、taste 等;

表示状态、感情的动词:be、have、dislike、hate、love、like、want、wish 等;

表示心理活动的动词:forget、realize、recognize、remember、understand 等;

表示所属关系的动词:own、belong 等。

② 一般过去时的谓语动词既可以是延续性的,也可以是终止性的;而过去进行时的谓语动词只能是延续性的。例如:

His cousin joined the army in 1999. 他的表哥于1999年参军。(join为终止性动词)

My mother was cooking when I got home. 我到家时我母亲正在做饭。(cook为延续性动词)

(4)感情色彩不同

一般过去时是对过去发生的事进行客观描述;而过去进行时与 forever、always、frequently等连用时,带有埋怨、厌烦、赞扬等感情色彩。试比较:

Your son came late to school this morning. 你儿子今天早晨上学迟到了。(说明客观事实)

Your son was always coming late to school. 你儿子上学总是迟到。(带有埋怨情绪)

将来进行时

将来进行时(The Future Continuous Tense)由“shall / will be + 现在分词”构成。

将来进行时的基本用法

(1)将来进行时表示将来某一段时间正在进行的动作,一般与表示将来的时间状语连用,如 soon、tomorrow、this evening、on Sunday、at this time tomorrow、in two days、tomorrow evening 等。例如:

I'm not really sure what I will be doing in ten years from now. 我真的不能肯定十年后我在做什么。

Daniel's family ________ (enjoy) their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.

答案will be enjoying 由时间状语 this time next week 可知,此处表示下周这个时间正在进行的动作,故用将来进行时。

(2)将来进行时还可表示安排要做的事或预计会发生的事。例如:

We 'll be taking the examination next week. 我们下周要参加考试。

This time next week, I 'll be arriving in New York. 下周的这个时候,我正好抵达纽约。

① 在口语中,将来进行时用得较多,而且可与现在进行时互换,意义无区别。例如:

I'll be meeting Mary tomorrow. = I'm meeting Mary tomorrow. 我明天将见到玛丽。

② 有时将来进行时也可与一般将来时互换,但意义有细微的差别。试比较:

Won't you come to our party? 你不想参加我们的聚会吗?(表示邀请)

Won't you be coming to our party? 你不来参加我们的聚会吗?(单纯谈事实)

现在完成时

现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。

1. 现在完成时的基本用法

(1)现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,但其结果影响到现在,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用,如 just、already、yet、ever、recently、so far 等。例如:

My wife 's just bought a beautiful dress from one of the shops there. 我的妻子刚从那儿的一家商店买了一件漂亮的衣服。

We 've done a lot of work on it, but we haven't finished yet. 我们在它上面花了不少功夫,但是现在还没有完成。

Progress ________ (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.

答案has been 由 so far 及 and 后面分句的时态可知,应用现在完成时。

(2)表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在,还可能持续下去,常与 for 和 since 等引起的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:

I 've been very sad for the past few months. 在过去的几个月里,我一直很伤心。

The marathon has been an Olympic event since the modern games started in 1896. 自从1896年现代奥运会开始以来,马拉松一直都是奥运会的比赛项目。

The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody ________ (see) them since. (2014 全国改)

答案has seen 由 since 可知,应用完成时,此处表示“从2012年到现在没人见过这些报告”,故用现在完成时。

come、arrive、buy、hear、join 等终止性动词的现在完成时一般不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:“他参军三年了。”,不可说 “He has joined the army for three years.” 应该说 “He has been a soldier for three years.” 或 “He has been in the army for three years.”。hear 等非延续性动词的否定式可与 for 等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:I haven't heard from you for weeks. 我有好几个星期没收到过你的来信了。

(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经历,常带有 twice、ever、never、three times、before 等时间状语。例如:

I 've never seen her as angry as that, so I kept quiet. 我从来没有看到过她那样生气,所以我保持沉默。

The sky is clear blue and I don't think I 've ever seen anything else so beautiful in my life. 天空碧蓝如洗,我想我一生也从未见过如此美景。

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

现在完成时和一般过去时都表示过去发生的动作。差别在于:现在完成时强调的是动作与现在的关系,即对现在的影响或动作延续到现在;而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某时发生,不表示和现在有关系。因此,句中有过去时间状语时,一般用一般过去时。试比较:

I have lost my new bike. 我把新自行车丢了。(现在还未找到)

I lost my new bike yesterday. 我昨天把新自行车丢了。(现在找到与否不清楚)

He worked there for three years. 他在那里工作了3年。(现在已不在那里工作)

He has worked there for three years. 他已经在那里工作3年了。(现在仍在那里工作)

① have been (to) 与 have gone (to) 的区别:have been (to) 表示去过(某地)(现在已经回来了),可用于各种人称;have gone (to) 表示去某地了(说话时某人不在此处),仅用于第三人称。前者可与 once、never、several times 等连用,后者则不能。例如:

They have been to France twice. 他们已去过法国两次。

He has gone to France. 他已经去法国了。

② since 从句中的谓语动词多用一般过去时,而主句谓语动词用现在完成时;如果主句单纯表示一段时间,那么可以用一般现在时代替现在完成时。试比较:

We have been friends since we first met. 自从第一次见面以来,我们一直是朋友。

It is six years since we last saw each other. 从我们上次见面到现在已有6年了。

③ 在时间或条件状语从句中,须用现在完成时替换将来完成时。例如:

I'll show you our garden when the rain has stopped. 等雨停了之后,我领你去看看我们的花园。

— I'm going to leave at the end of this month.
— I don't think you should do that until you ________ (find) another job.

答案have found until 引导时间状语从句,故用现在完成时代替将来完成时。

④ 在含有序数词及形容词最高级的句型中一般用现在完成时。例如:

This is the first time I have seen such a grand palace. 这是我第一次见到这么宏伟的宫殿。

This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read. 这是我读过的最有意思的书。

Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known. 霍华德·卡特是世人所熟知的最著名的探险家之一。

过去完成时

过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)由“had + 过去分词”构成。

1. 过去完成时的基本用法

(1)过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”,常与 by、before、when、until 等引导的时间状语连用。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比时才能用到该时态。例如:

Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 当他到达晚会现场时,大多数客人已经离开了。

By the 1990s the antelope population had fallen to about 50,000. 截止到20世纪90年代,藏羚羊的数量下降到了大约5万只。

Before he volunteered to direct the traffic, Timoteo had had lots of jobs. 铁穆特欧在志愿指挥交通之前做过很多工作。

Sofia looked around at all the faces; she had the impression that she ________ (see) most of the guests before. (2014 浙江改)

答案had seen 根据时间状语 before 可知,所填词应用完成时,且主句谓语动词是一般过去时,故 see 应用过去完成时。

方法点拨 先发生的动作用过去完成时,后发生的动作用一般过去时,过去某时刻正在进行的动作用过去进行时。下列为时态综合运用的典型例题:

The students ________ (write) busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ________ (leave) in the office.

答案were writing; had left 布朗小姐去取书的时候,学生们正在写字,故用过去进行时;“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前,因此用过去完成时。

(2)过去完成时还可表示过去某一时间开始的动作或状态持续到过去另一时间,还可能持续下去,常与 for、since 等引导的时间状语连用。例如:

He had stayed in the hospital since he fell ill. 他生病后一直在住院。

It had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days. 风刮了好几个小时,雨已下了两天。

如果一个并列分句用的是一般过去时,而另一个并列分句表示的动作在更早的过去发生,须用过去完成时。例如:Tom flew home, but his father had already died. 汤姆乘飞机回到家,他的父亲却已经去世了。

The Challenger had exploded in midair and we all started screaming. “挑战者”号在半空中爆炸了,我们都开始尖叫起来。

2. 过去完成时的其他用法

(1)hope、expect、suppose、think、want、wish 等动词的过去完成时表示过去未实现的愿望、计划或打算。例如:

Jim had thought that he were going to be invited to dinner. 吉姆本以为他会被邀请去吃晚饭的。

I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it. 我本来想送一份礼物给彼得,祝贺他结婚,但没能做到。 (2019 天津改)

(2)过去完成时还用于两个常用句型的主句中:hardly ... when(刚……就……)和 no sooner ... than(刚……就……)。例如:

Hardly had we left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we had left our map in the room. 第二天早晨我们刚离开宿舍,就想起把地图忘在房间里了。

No sooner had I begun to understand how British people communicate than it was time to head back home. 我刚开始了解英国人是如何交流的,就到了回家的时候了。

将来完成时(The Future Perfect Tense)表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如:

By this summer, I'll have lived in Beijing for nine years. 到今年夏天我在北京生活就满9年了。

By the middle of the century, computers that are millions of times smarter than us will have been developed. 到本世纪中叶,比我们聪明数百万倍的电脑就会被研制出来。

By the time Jane gets home, her aunt ________ (leave) for London to attend a meeting.

答案will have left by the time Jane gets home 是表示将来时间的状语,leave 这一动作发生在 get home 之前,因此主句谓语用将来完成时。

① 在 before、after 等引导的时间状语从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间先后,所以主句或从句的谓语动词可以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。例如:

She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. 她和她的家人躲藏了大约25个月之后才被发现。

② 在 when 引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词的动作发生后,主句谓语动词的动作紧接着发生,这时两者均用一般过去时。例如:

When he heard these words, Jim panicked and ran to the raft. 听到这些话后,吉姆恐惧万分,向木筏跑了过去。

③ 如果从句中有明确的表示过去时间的状语,则常用一般过去时。例如:

He said he was born in 2007. 他说他是2007年出生的。

现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense)由“have / has been + 现在分词”构成。

1. 现在完成进行时的基本用法

现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在,这个动作可能刚终止,也可能还在进行。例如:

I haven't been sleeping well since I returned home. 我自从回到家后就一直没睡好觉。

People have been enjoying the benefits of cycling in Amsterdam for years. 多年来,人们一直享受着在阿姆斯特丹骑自行车的益处。

Mr. Wu 's only been teaching us for two weeks and he's already very popular. 吴老师才教了我们两周就已经很受欢迎了。

Dr. Finkelstein has been studying smells since 1999. 冯克尔斯坦博士从1999年开始一直在研究气味。

Since the time humankind started gardening, we ________ (try) to make our environment more beautiful. (2014 湖南改)

答案have been trying 由 Since the time humankind started gardening 可知,主句应用完成时,由句意可知,try这一动作一直持续到现在,故用现在完成进行时。

在时间或条件状语从句中,要用现在完成进行时代替将来完成进行时。例如:

Proficiency Test

能力评估

一、从括号中选出适当的词语填空

  1. ① That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who ________ (plays / is playing) the piano upstairs? (2011 重庆改)② Little Linda ________ (plays / is playing) the piano upstairs every weekend.
  2. ① The manager ________ (has told / has been telling) the workers how to improve the programme since 9 am. (2012 全国改)② He ________ (has played / has been playing) for the national team in 65 matches so far.
  3. ① In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat ________ (was / has been) cut. (2015 重庆改)② I felt very tired when I got home, and I ________ (went / have gone) straight to bed. (2013 重庆改)
  4. ① I found the lecture hard to follow because it ________ (started / had started) when I arrived. (2014 北京改)② If you don't like the drink you ________ (ordered / had ordered), just leave it and try a different one. (2011 辽宁改)
  5. ① We are confident that the environment ________ (is / will be) improved by our further efforts to reduce pollution. (2013 辽宁改)② Whenever you ________ (buy / will buy) processed foods, you should check their dates of production.

二、在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式

  1. As a little girl, I ________ (wish) to be a zookeeper when I grew up. (2023 全国改)
  2. Since 2011, the country ________ (grow) more corn than rice. (2018 全国改)
  3. I ________ (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. (2017 天津改)
  4. When walking down the street, I came across David, whom I ________ (not, see) for years. (2016 天津改)
  5. He must have sensed that I ________ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, "Why are you staring at me like that?" (2015 湖南改)
  6. — Is Peter coming?— No, he ________ (change) his mind after a phone call at the last minute. (2015 重庆改)
  7. — What time is it?— I have no idea. But just a minute, I ________ (check) it for you. (2014 北京改)
  8. They made up their mind that they ________ (buy) a new house once Larry changed jobs. (2014 山东改)
  9. Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ________ (bother) us. (2013 湖南改)
  10. When I first met Bryan I didn't like him, but I ________ (change) my mind now. (2013 全国改)
  11. — What a mistake!— Yes. I ________ (suggest) his doing it another way, but without success. (2011 四川改)
  12. On the next birthday, Ann ________ (be) married for twenty years. (2011 天津改)
  13. — Do you think we should accept that offer?— Yes, we should, for we ________ (have) such bad luck up till now, and time ________ (run) out.
  14. Hardly had Mr. Brown arrived when the lady ________ (start) complaining, which annoyed everybody present.
  15. As you get older, you may notice that your hearing is not as sharp as it ________ (be) once.

三、阅读下面材料,在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式

(一)

Dear Jo,

Well, I 1. ________ (arrive) safely two weeks ago. The flight was fine, but a bit long.

Everything here is very different from London. I 2. ________ (write) this letter outside in the garden. It is very hot today, so I'm sitting under a big umbrella. I know we 3. ________ (have) some sunny days in London but there was also some rain. I remember we were caught in a heavy rain when we 4. ________ (walk) in the park.

It 5. ________ (be) difficult for me to start work after my wonderful holiday, but it's OK now. I 6. ________ (be) in a new department since I came home and it's interesting. Now I'm doing a new project and it 7. ________ (finish) by the end of this month.

By the way, have you found a black leather photo album? I think I 8. ________ (leave) it in the bedroom. Could you send it to me sometime? No hurry.

Please write soon, and thank you again for a wonderful time.

Love,

Chris

(二)

Before I 1. ________ (visit) Australia, an Australian friend in London told me I'd learn "the Australian salute". "What's that?" I asked. "You 2. ________ (find) out when you get there," he said. I arrived in Perth last week. Since then, I 3. ________ (stay) at a nice hotel near a beautiful beach. I 4. ________ (never, visit) Australia before and I am enjoying my stay. I 5. ________ (swim) every day since the time I arrived.

Yesterday, an Australian friend suggested a tour into "the bush". I agreed at once. The first thing I noticed when we were in the bush 6. ________ (be) the flies. After a while I remembered the conversation I 7. ________ (have) in London before I came here. "What's the 'Australian salute'?" I asked suddenly, as I 8. ________ (wave) my right arm to keep the flies away. "That's it!" my friend said as he waved back!

四、根据所给汉语,完成下列句子

  1. In most cases, these people simply do not enjoy the job ________ (________). (他们正在做的). (2013 广东改)
  2. As Teachers' Day was approaching, our class ________ (________) to celebrate it. (决定举办聚会) (2012 陕西改)
  3. I hope I ________ (________) as a member of your summer camp. (会被接纳)
  4. All the passengers were smiling and ________ (________). (阳光照耀着). (2012 全国改)
  5. I ________ (________) all my holiday money by the end of this week. (花完)
  6. I can't talk to you now; I ________ (________). (在工作).
  7. I ________ (________) before, so I know what to expect in my new job. (同儿童工作过)
  8. I couldn't get in because I ________ (________). (丢了钥匙).
  9. The phone rang while he ________ (________). (吃晚饭).
  10. It is safe to assume that most students ________ (________) a complete Shakespeare play. (从未读过)